Presupposition and Implicature in Model-Theoretic Pragmatics
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چکیده
106 one c a n m e c h a n i c a l l y b u i l d r e c o g n i z e r s and r a n d o ~ g e n e r a t o r s . But s u c h m a c h i n e s a r e n o t t h e g r a ~ a r s , and a r e c o g n i z e r i s m a n i f e s t l y n o t t h e same m a c h i n e a s a g e n e r a t o r , even t h o u g h t h e same g rammar may u n d e r l i e both. S u p p o s e v e r e p h r a s e t h e q u e s t i o n a s ' ~ h y do we h a v e s e p a r a t e k n o w l e d g e s t r u c t u r e s f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and p r o d u c t i o n ? " T h i s p r e s u p p o s e s t h a t t h e r e a r e s e p a r a t e k n o w l e d g e s t r u c t u r e s , and i n o u r c u r r e n t systems t h i s i s o n l y p a r t i a l l y t r u e . I n t e r p r e t i n g a n d p r o d u c t i o n p r o g r a m s a b o u n d in ad h o c p r o c e d u r e s t h a t s h a r e v e r y l i t t l e i n common n e a r t h e l a n g u a g e e n d . The i n t e r p r e t e r s a r e f u l l o f m e t h o d s f o r guessing a t m e a n i n g s , filling in t h e b l a n k s , p r e d i c t i n g l i k e l y f o l l o w u p s , a n d so o n . The g e n e r a t o r s a r e f u l l o f m e t h o d s f o r e l i m i n a t i n g c o n t e x t u a l i t ems , p i c k i n g a p p r o p r i a t e d e s c r i p t o r s , c h o o s i n g p r o n o u n s , and so o n . Each h a s a v e r y d i f f e r e n t s e t o f p r o b l e m s t o d e a l w i t h . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , o u r i n t e r p r e t e r s and g e n e r a t o r s do s h a r e wha t we t h i n k i s t h e i m p o r t a n t s t u f f , t h e w o r l d k n o w l e d g e , w i t h o u t w h i c h a l l t h e o t h e r p r o c e s s i n g w o u l d n ' t be w o r t h a p a r t r i d g e i n a p a r s e t r e e . The w o r l d k n o w l e d g e s a y s w h a t m a k e s s e n s e i n o n d e r s t a n d i n s and wha t i s i m p o r t a n t t o t a l k a b o u t . P a r t o f t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d g e n e r a t i o n o c c u r s when t h e p r o g r a m s f o r e a c h a r e d e v e l o p e d by d i f f e r e n t p e o p l e . T h i s T e s u l t s i n u n r e a l i s t i c s y s t e m s t h a t w r i t e w h a t t h e y c a n ' t r e a d a n d r e a d wha t t h e y c a n ' t w r i t e . Someday w e ' l l h a v e a good mode l o f how k n o w l e d g e t h e i n t e r p r e t e r g a i n s a b o u t u n d e r s t a n d i n g a new word i s c o n v e r t e d t o k n o w l e d g e t h e g e n e r a t o r c a n u s e t o v a l i d l y p i c k t h a t word i n p r o d u c t i o n . T h i s v i i i h a v e a c c o u n t f o r how we c a n i n t e r p r e t w o r d s w i t h o u t b e i n g r e a d y t o u s e t h e m . F o r e x a m p l e , f r o m a s e n t e n c e l i k e "The c a r s w e r v e d o f f t h e r o a d a n d s t r u c k a b r i d g e a b u t m e n t , " we c a n i n f e r t h a t an a b u t m e n t i s a n o u n d e s c r i b i n g some k i n d o f o u t d o o r p h y s i c a l o b j e c t , a t t a c h a b l e t o a b r i d g e . T h i s w o u l d be e n o u g h f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , b u t o b v i o u s l y t h e g e n e r a t o r w i l l n e e d co know more a b o u t wha t an a b u t m e n t i s b e f o r e i t c o u l d c o n f i d e n t l y s a y " O h , l o o k a t t h e c u t e abutment!" A f i n a l p o i n t on s h a r i n g . T h e r e a r e two s t a n d a r d a r g u m e n t s f o r s h a r i n g a t l e a s t g r = m m a t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n . One i s t o s a v e s p a c e , a n d t h e o t h e r i s t o m a i n t a i n c o n s i s t e n c y . W i t h o u t c l a i m i n g t h a t s h a r i n g d o e s n ' t o c c u r , I w o u l d l i k e t o p o i n t o u t t h a t b o t h a r g u m e n t s a r e v e r y w e a k . F i r s t , t h e r e i s r e a l l y n o t a l o t o f g r a m m a t i c a l k n o w l e d g e , c o m p a r e d a g a i n s t a l l t h e o t h e r k n o w l e d g e we h a v e a b o u t t h e w o r l d , so n o t t h a t much s p a c e w o u l d be s a v e d i f s h a r i n g o c c u r r e d . S e c o n d , i f t h e g e n e r a t o r d e r i v e s i t ' s l i n g u i s t i c k n o w l e d g e f r o m t h e p a r s e r ' s d a t a b a s e , t h e n w e ' l l h a v e a s much c o n s i s t e n c y a s we c o u l d m e a s u r e i n p e o p l e a n y w a y .
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